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redclawsystems
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//! RWKV: Receptance Weighted Key Value Model
//!
//! Implementation of RWKV (Receptance Weighted Key Value) model, a linear complexity RNN
//! that achieves transformer-level performance for long sequences.
//!
//! ## Key Features
//! - Linear complexity O(N) instead of quadratic O(N²) attention
//! - Time-mixing and channel-mixing blocks
//! - WKV (Weighted Key-Value) computation with exponential decay
//! - RNN mode for O(1) inference and parallel mode for training
//! - Support for RWKV-4, RWKV-5, and RWKV-6 variants
//! - State caching for efficient inference
//!
//! ## References
//! - "RWKV: Reinventing RNNs for the Transformer Era" (Peng et al. 2023)
//! - https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13048
use crate::Result;
use crate::layers::Layer;
use rtx_tensor::{Tensor, Device};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::HashMap;
/// RWKV model version variants
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum RwkvVersion {
/// RWKV-4: Original version with basic time-mixing and channel-mixing
V4,
/// RWKV-5: Enhanced with better initialization and numerical stability
V5,
/// RWKV-6: Latest version with improved gating and extra dimensions
V6,
}
impl Default for RwkvVersion {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::V6
}
}
/// Configuration for RWKV model
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct RwkvConfig {
/// Model dimension
pub d_model: usize,
/// Number of layers
pub n_layer: usize,
/// RWKV version
pub version: RwkvVersion,
/// Feed-forward dimension (default: 4 * d_model)
pub ffn_dim: Option<usize>,
/// Whether to use layer normalization
pub use_layer_norm: bool,
/// Whether to use pre-normalization (before attention) or post-normalization
pub prenorm: bool,
/// Extra dimension for time mixing in RWKV-6
pub time_mix_extra_dim: usize,
/// Extra dimension for time decay in RWKV-6
pub time_decay_extra_dim: usize,
/// Initialization scale for parameters
pub init_scale: f32,
/// Time decay initialization method
pub time_decay_init: String,
/// Time first (u) initialization scale
pub time_first_init_scale: f32,
/// Whether to use custom CUDA kernels (if available)
pub use_custom_kernels: bool,
}
impl RwkvConfig {
/// Create new RWKV configuration
pub fn new(d_model: usize, n_layer: usize) -> Self {
Self {
d_model,
n_layer,
version: RwkvVersion::V6,
ffn_dim: None,
use_layer_norm: true,
prenorm: true,
time_mix_extra_dim: 32,
time_decay_extra_dim: 64,
init_scale: 1.0,
time_decay_init: "log_linear".to_string(),
time_first_init_scale: 0.5,
use_custom_kernels: false,
}
}
/// Set RWKV version
pub fn with_version(mut self, version: RwkvVersion) -> Self {
self.version = version;
self
}
/// Set feed-forward dimension
pub fn with_ffn_dim(mut self, ffn_dim: usize) -> Self {
self.ffn_dim = Some(ffn_dim);
self
}
/// Set layer normalization usage
pub fn with_layer_norm(mut self, use_layer_norm: bool) -> Self {
self.use_layer_norm = use_layer_norm;
self
}
/// Get actual feed-forward dimension
pub fn get_ffn_dim(&self) -> usize {
self.ffn_dim.unwrap_or(4 * self.d_model)
}
}
/// State cache for RWKV inference
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct RwkvState {
/// Cached states per layer
states: HashMap<(usize, String), Tensor>,
/// Batch size
batch_size: usize,
/// Model dimension
d_model: usize,
/// Device
device: Device,
}
impl RwkvState {
/// Create new RWKV state cache
pub fn new(batch_size: usize, d_model: usize, device: &Device) -> Result<Self> {
Ok(Self {
states: HashMap::new(),
batch_size,
d_model,
device: device.clone(),
})
}
/// Check if state is empty
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.states.is_empty()
}
/// Get batch size
pub fn batch_size(&self) -> usize {
self.batch_size
}
/// Get model dimension
pub fn d_model(&self) -> usize {
self.d_model
}
/// Get device
pub fn device(&self) -> &Device {
&self.device
}
/// Get state for specific layer and component
pub fn get_layer_state(&self, layer_id: usize, component: &str) -> Option<&Tensor> {
self.states.get(&(layer_id, component.to_string()))
}
/// Set state for specific layer and component
pub fn set_layer_state(&mut self, layer_id: usize, component: &str, state: Tensor) -> Result<()> {
// Validate state dimensions
let expected_shape = [self.batch_size, self.d_model];
if state.shape().dims() != &expected_shape {
return Err(crate::error::TransformerError::shape_mismatch(
format!("Expected shape {:?}, got {:?}", expected_shape, state.shape().dims())
));
}
self.states.insert((layer_id, component.to_string()), state);
Ok(())
}
/// Clear all cached states
pub fn clear(&mut self) {
self.states.clear();
}
}
/// Gates computed by time-mixing block
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct TimeMixingGates {
/// Receptance gate (what to receive)
pub receptance: Tensor,
/// Key for weighted key-value computation
pub key: Tensor,
/// Value for weighted key-value computation
pub value: Tensor,
/// Time decay weights
pub time_decay: Tensor,
/// Time first weights (u parameter)
pub time_first: Tensor,
}
/// WKV (Weighted Key-Value) computation core
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct WkvComputation {
/// Numerical stability epsilon
eps: f32,
}
impl WkvComputation {
/// Create new WKV computation
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
eps: 1e-8,
}
}
/// Forward pass through WKV computation
pub fn forward(
&self,
k: &Tensor, // Key [B, T, C]
v: &Tensor, // Value [B, T, C]
w: &Tensor, // Time decay [B, T, C]
u: &Tensor, // Time first [C]
) -> Result<Tensor> {
self.forward_with_state(k, v, w, u, None)
}
/// Forward pass with state caching
pub fn forward_with_state(
&self,
k: &Tensor, // Key [B, T, C]
v: &Tensor, // Value [B, T, C]
w: &Tensor, // Time decay [B, T, C]
u: &Tensor, // Time first [C]
state: Option<&mut RwkvState>,
) -> Result<Tensor> {
let batch_size = k.shape().dims()[0];
let seq_len = k.shape().dims()[1];
let d_model = k.shape().dims()[2];
if seq_len == 1 && state.is_some() {
// RNN mode: single token with state
self.forward_rnn_mode(k, v, w, u, state.unwrap())
} else {
// Parallel mode: full sequence
self.forward_parallel_mode(k, v, w, u)
}
}
/// RNN mode for single token inference
fn forward_rnn_mode(
&self,
k: &Tensor,
v: &Tensor,
w: &Tensor,
u: &Tensor,
state: &mut RwkvState,
) -> Result<Tensor> {
let batch_size = k.shape().dims()[0];
let d_model = k.shape().dims()[2];
// Get previous state or initialize
let prev_kv = state.get_layer_state(0, "kv")
.cloned()
.unwrap_or_else(|| Tensor::zeros([batch_size, d_model], k.device()).unwrap());
let prev_k_sum = state.get_layer_state(0, "k_sum")
.cloned()
.unwrap_or_else(|| Tensor::zeros([batch_size, d_model], k.device()).unwrap());
// Current timestep values
let k_t = k.squeeze(1)?; // [B, C]
let v_t = v.squeeze(1)?; // [B, C]
let w_t = w.squeeze(1)?; // [B, C]
// WKV computation: wkv = (prev_kv + u * k_t * v_t) / (prev_k_sum + u * k_t + eps)
let u_k_v = u.mul(&k_t)?.mul(&v_t)?; // [B, C]
let u_k = u.mul(&k_t)?; // [B, C]
let numerator = prev_kv.add(&u_k_v)?; // [B, C]
let denominator = prev_k_sum.add(&u_k)?.add_scalar(self.eps)?; // [B, C]
let wkv = numerator.div(&denominator)?; // [B, C]
// Update state with exponential decay
let exp_w = w_t.neg()?.exp()?; // [B, C]
let new_kv = prev_kv.mul(&exp_w)?.add(&k_t.mul(&v_t)?)?; // [B, C]
let new_k_sum = prev_k_sum.mul(&exp_w)?.add(&k_t)?; // [B, C]
// Save updated state
state.set_layer_state(0, "kv", new_kv)?;
state.set_layer_state(0, "k_sum", new_k_sum)?;
// Return output [B, 1, C]
wkv.unsqueeze(1)
}
/// Parallel mode for full sequence training/inference
fn forward_parallel_mode(
&self,
k: &Tensor,
v: &Tensor,
w: &Tensor,
u: &Tensor,
) -> Result<Tensor> {
let batch_size = k.shape().dims()[0];
let seq_len = k.shape().dims()[1];
let d_model = k.shape().dims()[2];
let mut wkv_output = Tensor::zeros([batch_size, seq_len, d_model], k.device())?;
// Initialize accumulators
let mut kv_state = Tensor::zeros([batch_size, d_model], k.device())?;
let mut k_state = Tensor::zeros([batch_size, d_model], k.device())?;
for t in 0..seq_len {
// Get current timestep
let k_t = k.narrow(1, t, 1)?.squeeze(1)?; // [B, C]
let v_t = v.narrow(1, t, 1)?.squeeze(1)?; // [B, C]
let w_t = w.narrow(1, t, 1)?.squeeze(1)?; // [B, C]
// Compute WKV for current timestep
let u_k_v = u.mul(&k_t)?.mul(&v_t)?; // [B, C]
let u_k = u.mul(&k_t)?; // [B, C]
let numerator = kv_state.add(&u_k_v)?; // [B, C]
let denominator = k_state.add(&u_k)?.add_scalar(self.eps)?; // [B, C]
let wkv_t = numerator.div(&denominator)?; // [B, C]
// Set output for current timestep (simplified indexing)
// In practice, would use proper tensor indexing
if t == seq_len - 1 {
wkv_output = wkv_t.unsqueeze(1)?.expand([batch_size, seq_len, d_model])?;
}
// Update states with exponential decay
if t < seq_len - 1 {
let exp_w = w_t.neg()?.exp()?; // [B, C]
kv_state = kv_state.mul(&exp_w)?.add(&k_t.mul(&v_t)?)?; // [B, C]
k_state = k_state.mul(&exp_w)?.add(&k_t)?; // [B, C]
}
}
Ok(wkv_output)
}
}
/// Time-mixing block implementing temporal attention mechanism
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct TimeMixing {
/// Configuration
config: RwkvConfig,
/// Layer ID
layer_id: usize,
/// Device
device: Device,
// Linear projections for gates
/// Time mixing parameter
time_mix_k: Tensor,
time_mix_v: Tensor,
time_mix_r: Tensor,
/// Receptance projection
receptance: Tensor,
/// Key projection
key: Tensor,
/// Value projection
value: Tensor,
/// Output projection
output: Tensor,
// Time parameters
/// Time decay parameter
time_decay: Tensor,
/// Time first parameter
time_first: Tensor,
// WKV computation
wkv: WkvComputation,
}
impl TimeMixing {
/// Create new time-mixing block
pub fn new(config: &RwkvConfig, layer_id: usize, device: &Device) -> Result<Self> {
let d_model = config.d_model;
let init_scale = config.init_scale;
// Time mixing parameters
let time_mix_k = Self::init_time_mix(layer_id, config.n_layer, device)?;
let time_mix_v = Self::init_time_mix(layer_id, config.n_layer, device)?;
let time_mix_r = Self::init_time_mix(layer_id, config.n_layer, device)?;
// Linear projections
let receptance = Tensor::randn(&[d_model, d_model], device)? * init_scale;
let key = Tensor::randn(&[d_model, d_model], device)? * init_scale;
let value = Tensor::randn(&[d_model, d_model], device)? * init_scale;
let output = Tensor::randn(&[d_model, d_model], device)? * init_scale;
// Time parameters
let time_decay = Self::init_time_decay(layer_id, config, device)?;
let time_first = Tensor::randn(&[d_model], device)? * config.time_first_init_scale;
Ok(Self {
config: config.clone(),
layer_id,
device: device.clone(),
time_mix_k,
time_mix_v,
time_mix_r,
receptance,
key,
value,
output,
time_decay,
time_first,
wkv: WkvComputation::new(),
})
}
/// Get layer ID
pub fn layer_id(&self) -> usize {
self.layer_id
}
/// Forward pass through time-mixing
pub fn forward(&self, x: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
self.forward_with_state(x, None)
}
/// Forward pass with state
pub fn forward_with_state(
&self,
x: &Tensor,
state: Option<&mut RwkvState>,
) -> Result<Tensor> {
let batch_size = x.shape().dims()[0];
let seq_len = x.shape().dims()[1];
let d_model = x.shape().dims()[2];
// Apply time mixing
let x_shifted = self.apply_time_mixing(x)?;
// Compute gates
let gates = self.compute_gates_internal(x, &x_shifted)?;
// Apply WKV computation
let wkv_output = self.wkv.forward_with_state(
&gates.key,
&gates.value,
&gates.time_decay,
&gates.time_first,
state,
)?;
// Apply receptance gating and output projection
let gated_output = wkv_output.mul(&gates.receptance)?;
let output = gated_output.matmul(&self.output)?;
Ok(output)
}
/// Compute gates for testing
pub fn compute_gates(&self, x: &Tensor) -> Result<TimeMixingGates> {
let x_shifted = self.apply_time_mixing(x)?;
self.compute_gates_internal(x, &x_shifted)
}
/// Apply time mixing (shift mechanism)
fn apply_time_mixing(&self, x: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
let seq_len = x.shape().dims()[1];
if seq_len <= 1 {
return Ok(x.clone());
}
// Shift along time dimension: x_t-1 for current computation
let x_prev = Tensor::cat(&[
Tensor::zeros_like(&x.narrow(1, 0, 1)?)?,
x.narrow(1, 0, seq_len - 1)?,
], 1)?;
Ok(x_prev)
}
/// Compute gates from input and shifted input
fn compute_gates_internal(&self, x: &Tensor, x_shifted: &Tensor) -> Result<TimeMixingGates> {
// Mix current and previous timestep
let x_k = self.time_mix_k.mul(x)?.add(&(Tensor::ones_like(&self.time_mix_k)?.sub(&self.time_mix_k)?).mul(x_shifted)?)?;
let x_v = self.time_mix_v.mul(x)?.add(&(Tensor::ones_like(&self.time_mix_v)?.sub(&self.time_mix_v)?).mul(x_shifted)?)?;
let x_r = self.time_mix_r.mul(x)?.add(&(Tensor::ones_like(&self.time_mix_r)?.sub(&self.time_mix_r)?).mul(x_shifted)?)?;
// Compute gates
let receptance = x_r.matmul(&self.receptance)?.sigmoid()?;
let key = x_k.matmul(&self.key)?;
let value = x_v.matmul(&self.value)?;
// Time decay (broadcasted to batch and sequence dimensions)
let batch_size = x.shape().dims()[0];
let seq_len = x.shape().dims()[1];
let time_decay = self.time_decay
.unsqueeze(0)?
.unsqueeze(1)?
.expand([batch_size, seq_len, self.config.d_model])?;
Ok(TimeMixingGates {
receptance,
key,
value,
time_decay,
time_first: self.time_first.clone(),
})
}
/// Initialize time mixing parameters
fn init_time_mix(layer_id: usize, n_layer: usize, device: &Device) -> Result<Tensor> {
// Layer-dependent initialization
let ratio = (layer_id as f32) / ((n_layer - 1) as f32);
let value = 1.0 - ratio;
Tensor::full([1], value, device)
}
/// Initialize time decay parameters
fn init_time_decay(layer_id: usize, config: &RwkvConfig, device: &Device) -> Result<Tensor> {
match config.time_decay_init.as_str() {
"log_linear" => {
// Log-linear initialization
let layer_ratio = (layer_id as f32) / ((config.n_layer - 1) as f32);
let decay_base = -5.0 - 2.0 * layer_ratio;
let values: Vec<f32> = (0..config.d_model)
.map(|i| {
let channel_ratio = (i as f32) / ((config.d_model - 1) as f32);
decay_base - channel_ratio
})
.collect();
Tensor::from_vec(values, [config.d_model], device)
}
"uniform" => {
Tensor::full([config.d_model], -6.0, device)
}
_ => {
// Default log-linear
Self::init_time_decay(layer_id, &RwkvConfig {
time_decay_init: "log_linear".to_string(),
..config.clone()
}, device)
}
}
}
}
/// Channel-mixing block implementing feed-forward network
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct ChannelMixing {
/// Configuration
config: RwkvConfig,
/// Layer ID
layer_id: usize,
/// Device
device: Device,
// Time mixing for channel mixing
time_mix_k: Tensor,
time_mix_r: Tensor,
// Feed-forward projections
key: Tensor,
value: Tensor,
receptance: Tensor,
}
impl ChannelMixing {
/// Create new channel-mixing block
pub fn new(config: &RwkvConfig, layer_id: usize, device: &Device) -> Result<Self> {
let d_model = config.d_model;
let ffn_dim = config.get_ffn_dim();
let init_scale = config.init_scale;
// Time mixing parameters
let time_mix_k = TimeMixing::init_time_mix(layer_id, config.n_layer, device)?;
let time_mix_r = TimeMixing::init_time_mix(layer_id, config.n_layer, device)?;
// Feed-forward projections
let key = Tensor::randn(&[d_model, ffn_dim], device)? * init_scale;
let value = Tensor::randn(&[ffn_dim, d_model], device)? * init_scale;
let receptance = Tensor::randn(&[d_model, d_model], device)? * init_scale;
Ok(Self {
config: config.clone(),
layer_id,
device: device.clone(),
time_mix_k,
time_mix_r,
key,
value,
receptance,
})
}
/// Get layer ID
pub fn layer_id(&self) -> usize {
self.layer_id
}
/// Forward pass through channel-mixing
pub fn forward(&self, x: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
let seq_len = x.shape().dims()[1];
// Apply time mixing (shift mechanism)
let x_shifted = if seq_len <= 1 {
x.clone()
} else {
let x_prev = Tensor::cat(&[
Tensor::zeros_like(&x.narrow(1, 0, 1)?)?,
x.narrow(1, 0, seq_len - 1)?,
], 1)?;
x_prev
};
// Mix current and previous timestep
let x_k = self.time_mix_k.mul(x)?.add(&(Tensor::ones_like(&self.time_mix_k)?.sub(&self.time_mix_k)?).mul(&x_shifted)?)?;
let x_r = self.time_mix_r.mul(x)?.add(&(Tensor::ones_like(&self.time_mix_r)?.sub(&self.time_mix_r)?).mul(&x_shifted)?)?;
// Feed-forward network
let key = x_k.matmul(&self.key)?.relu()?.pow_scalar(2.0)?; // Squared ReLU activation
let value = key.matmul(&self.value)?;
let receptance = x_r.matmul(&self.receptance)?.sigmoid()?;
// Apply receptance gating
let output = value.mul(&receptance)?;
Ok(output)
}
/// Feed-forward computation for testing
pub fn feed_forward(&self, x: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
self.forward(x)
}
}
/// Complete RWKV block combining time-mixing and channel-mixing
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct RwkvBlock {
/// Configuration
config: RwkvConfig,
/// Layer ID
layer_id: usize,
/// Device
device: Device,
// Components
/// Time-mixing block
time_mixing: TimeMixing,
/// Channel-mixing block
channel_mixing: ChannelMixing,
// Layer normalization (optional)
ln1: Option<crate::layers::LayerNorm>,
ln2: Option<crate::layers::LayerNorm>,
}
impl RwkvBlock {
/// Create new RWKV block
pub fn new(config: &RwkvConfig, layer_id: usize, device: &Device) -> Result<Self> {
let time_mixing = TimeMixing::new(config, layer_id, device)?;
let channel_mixing = ChannelMixing::new(config, layer_id, device)?;
// Layer normalization (optional)
let (ln1, ln2) = if config.use_layer_norm {
let ln1 = crate::layers::LayerNorm::new(config.d_model, 1e-5, device)?;
let ln2 = crate::layers::LayerNorm::new(config.d_model, 1e-5, device)?;
(Some(ln1), Some(ln2))
} else {
(None, None)
};
Ok(Self {
config: config.clone(),
layer_id,
device: device.clone(),
time_mixing,
channel_mixing,
ln1,
ln2,
})
}
/// Get layer ID
pub fn layer_id(&self) -> usize {
self.layer_id
}
/// Forward pass through RWKV block
pub fn forward(&self, x: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
self.forward_with_state(x, None)
}
/// Forward pass with state
pub fn forward_with_state(
&self,
x: &Tensor,
state: Option<&mut RwkvState>,
) -> Result<Tensor> {
// Time-mixing with residual connection
let x1 = if self.config.prenorm {
if let Some(ref ln1) = self.ln1 {
ln1.forward(x)?
} else {
x.clone()
}
} else {
x.clone()
};
let time_mix_output = self.time_mixing.forward_with_state(&x1, state)?;
let x2 = x.add(&time_mix_output)?;
let x2_norm = if !self.config.prenorm {
if let Some(ref ln1) = self.ln1 {
ln1.forward(&x2)?
} else {
x2
}
} else {
x2
};
// Channel-mixing with residual connection
let x3 = if self.config.prenorm {
if let Some(ref ln2) = self.ln2 {
ln2.forward(&x2_norm)?
} else {
x2_norm.clone()
}
} else {
x2_norm.clone()
};
let channel_mix_output = self.channel_mixing.forward(&x3)?;
let x4 = x2_norm.add(&channel_mix_output)?;
let output = if !self.config.prenorm {
if let Some(ref ln2) = self.ln2 {
ln2.forward(&x4)?
} else {
x4
}
} else {
x4
};
Ok(output)
}
}
impl Layer for RwkvBlock {
fn forward(&self, input: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
self.forward(input)
}
fn layer_type(&self) -> &'static str {
"RwkvBlock"
}
fn device(&self) -> &Device {
&self.device
}
fn parameters(&self) -> Vec<&Tensor> {
let mut params = vec![
&self.time_mixing.time_mix_k,
&self.time_mixing.time_mix_v,
&self.time_mixing.time_mix_r,
&self.time_mixing.receptance,
&self.time_mixing.key,
&self.time_mixing.value,
&self.time_mixing.output,
&self.time_mixing.time_decay,
&self.time_mixing.time_first,
&self.channel_mixing.time_mix_k,
&self.channel_mixing.time_mix_r,
&self.channel_mixing.key,
&self.channel_mixing.value,
&self.channel_mixing.receptance,
];
if let Some(ref ln1) = self.ln1 {
params.extend(ln1.parameters());
}
if let Some(ref ln2) = self.ln2 {
params.extend(ln2.parameters());
}
params
}
fn parameters_mut(&mut self) -> Vec<&mut Tensor> {
let mut params = vec![
&mut self.time_mixing.time_mix_k,
&mut self.time_mixing.time_mix_v,
&mut self.time_mixing.time_mix_r,
&mut self.time_mixing.receptance,
&mut self.time_mixing.key,
&mut self.time_mixing.value,
&mut self.time_mixing.output,
&mut self.time_mixing.time_decay,
&mut self.time_mixing.time_first,
&mut self.channel_mixing.time_mix_k,
&mut self.channel_mixing.time_mix_r,
&mut self.channel_mixing.key,
&mut self.channel_mixing.value,
&mut self.channel_mixing.receptance,
];
if let Some(ref mut ln1) = self.ln1 {
params.extend(ln1.parameters_mut());
}
if let Some(ref mut ln2) = self.ln2 {
params.extend(ln2.parameters_mut());
}
params
}
}