clawhdf5-remote: block cache and HTTP range reads (open_url)

Range-read milestone M3, first half: a new crate with the block cache the
design makes mandatory for remote files and an HTTP backend, so
open_url("http://...") gives a clawhdf5::File over File::open_storage.

BlockCache wraps any Storage: aligned blocks (1 MiB by default, the size
docs/design/range-reads.md section 2 measured), LRU with a byte budget,
the missing blocks of one read_at/read_ranges fetched with one backend
read_ranges call as runs of consecutive blocks (a one-block gap filled to
merge runs, each request at most 8 MiB), and reads that miss more than
half the budget not kept. Thread-safe without holding the lock across a
fetch: a block being fetched is in flight, a second reader waits for it
instead of fetching it again, and a failed fetch fails its waiters and is
not cached. A backend holding the file in memory passes through.

HttpStorage (ureq, no TLS by default; `https` adds rustls with ring):
opening is one ranged GET of the first block, whose Content-Range gives
the length (the cache keeps the bytes). The file is pinned by a strong
ETag (If-Match), else Last-Modified (If-Unmodified-Since), and its length,
checked on every response: a change is RemoteError::FileChanged, never
mixed data. A server that ignores Range is refused without reading the
body unless a full download is allowed. Connection errors, timeouts,
408/429/5xx and short bodies are retried with exponential backoff;
Accept-Encoding: identity, and an encoded body is refused. read_ranges
fetches its ranges in parallel.

Tests (a std-only HTTP/1.1 server in tests/common/server.rs, also the
range_server example): every fixture read over HTTP gives File::open's
transcript (CLAWHDF5_REMOTE_CORPUS adds the conformance corpus), with
request counts per file with and without the cache; an h5py-written file
against libhdf5's values; a multi-block file fetched in whole blocks, each
once; a server ignoring Range; a file replaced mid-read (ETag,
Last-Modified, length only); truncated bodies and 503s (retried, then an
error, never cached); a slow server with 8 concurrent readers (no block
fetched twice); bad URLs, 404, encoded bodies, non-HDF5 data. The cache
has unit tests for coalescing, splitting, LRU order, large reads,
failures and concurrent in-flight dedup.

ci-test.sh: clawhdf5-remote joins the no-C default-build check, and its
https feature is linted.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <[email protected]>

crates/clawhdf5-remote/examples/range_server.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//! Serve the HDF5 files of a directory over HTTP with range support — the
+//! server the tests use — to try `clawhdf5_remote` and `h5rs` on URLs.
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! cargo run -p clawhdf5-remote --example range_server -- DIR [127.0.0.1:8000]
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Every file under `DIR` is served at its path relative to `DIR`. The
+//! files are read into memory at start. Requests are logged to stderr.
+
+#[path = "../tests/common/server.rs"]
+mod server;
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
+    let Some(dir) = args.next() else {
+        eprintln!("usage: range_server DIR [ADDR]");
+        std::process::exit(2);
+    };
+    let addr = args.next().unwrap_or_else(|| "127.0.0.1:8000".into());
+    let root = std::path::PathBuf::from(&dir);
+    let mut files = Vec::new();
+    let mut stack = vec![root.clone()];
+    while let Some(d) = stack.pop() {
+        let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(&d) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        for e in entries.flatten() {
+            let p = e.path();
+            if p.is_dir() {
+                stack.push(p);
+            } else if let (Ok(rel), Ok(bytes)) = (p.strip_prefix(&root), std::fs::read(&p)) {
+                let url = format!("/{}", rel.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/"));
+                files.push((url, bytes));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    files.sort();
+    let server = server::Server::bind(&addr, files.clone());
+    for (path, bytes) in &files {
+        eprintln!("{} ({} bytes)", server.url(path), bytes.len());
+    }
+    eprintln!("serving {} files on http://{}", files.len(), server.addr);
+    let mut logged = 0;
+    loop {
+        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(200));
+        let log = server.log();
+        for (path, range) in &log[logged.min(log.len())..] {
+            match range {
+                Some((a, b)) => eprintln!("GET {path} bytes={a}-{b}"),
+                None => eprintln!("GET {path} (whole file)"),
+            }
+        }
+        logged = log.len();
+    }
+}

crates/clawhdf5-remote/examples/read_url.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//! List a remote HDF5 file and read one dataset, then print what it cost.
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! cargo run -p clawhdf5-remote --example read_url -- URL [DATASET]
+//! ```
+
+use clawhdf5::File;
+use clawhdf5_remote::{Options, storage_for_url};
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
+    let url = args.next().ok_or("usage: read_url URL [DATASET]")?;
+    let dataset = args.next();
+
+    let storage = storage_for_url(&url, &Options::default())?;
+    let file = File::open_storage(storage.clone())?;
+
+    // Walk the tree.
+    let mut stack = vec![("/".to_string(), file.root())];
+    while let Some((path, group)) = stack.pop() {
+        for (name, addr) in group.entries()? {
+            let child = format!("{}/{name}", path.trim_end_matches('/'));
+            match file.dataset_at(addr) {
+                Ok(ds) => println!("{child}  dataset {:?} {:?}", ds.shape()?, ds.dtype()?),
+                Err(_) => {
+                    println!("{child}  group");
+                    stack.push((child, file.group_at(addr)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(name) = dataset {
+        let values = file.dataset(&name)?.read_f64()?;
+        let shown: Vec<_> = values.iter().take(8).collect();
+        println!("{name}: {} values, first {shown:?}", values.len());
+    }
+
+    let s = storage.stats();
+    println!(
+        "{} range requests (the one at open included), {} bytes fetched, {} bytes cached",
+        s.requests, s.bytes_fetched, s.cached_bytes
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}