test(format): fuzz Blosc2 decoding for peak allocation

The Blosc2 fuzz tests checked only for panics and the size of the output,
so the offsets-chunk amplification passed all 40,000 iterations.
tests/blosc2_alloc_bounds.rs now measures peak allocation (a counting
global allocator) and asserts it stays within 6x the HDF5 chunk size plus
twice the input plus 2 MiB (ruzstd's fixed state) for:

- 20,000 mutated fixture frames, decoded with their real chunk size as
  the limit, with edits aimed at the frame's and chunks' size fields;
- 20,000 mutated first chunks on their own;
- 5,000 frames built from random header sizes, offsets chunks and B2ND
  shapes (padding chunk and block shapes, chunks larger than the array,
  NaN, zero and repeated-value chunks).

Against the code before this series every test in the file fails (the
fuzz tests at frame iteration 3913, a zstd window, and random frame 289,
the offsets chunk); now the worst frame peaks at 0.48 of the bound.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <[email protected]>

crates/clawhdf5-format/src/filters_blosc2.rs

@@ -1246,7 +1246,8 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// Random and mutated frames: errors are fine, panics are not, and no
-    /// output past the limit.
+    /// output past the limit. Peak allocation is fuzzed separately, with a
+    /// counting allocator, in `tests/blosc2_alloc_bounds.rs`.
     #[test]
     fn fuzzed_frames_never_panic() {
         let limit = 20_000;

crates/clawhdf5-format/tests/blosc2_alloc_bounds.rs

@@ -395,3 +395,247 @@ fn zstd_window_is_bounded_by_the_output() {
         vec![7; 32]
     );
 }
+
+/// xorshift64*: deterministic, so a failure reproduces.
+struct Rng(u64);
+
+impl Rng {
+    fn next(&mut self) -> u64 {
+        let mut x = self.0;
+        x ^= x >> 12;
+        x ^= x << 25;
+        x ^= x >> 27;
+        self.0 = x;
+        x.wrapping_mul(0x2545_F491_4F6C_DD1D)
+    }
+
+    fn below(&mut self, n: usize) -> usize {
+        (self.next() % n.max(1) as u64) as usize
+    }
+
+    /// A size that tends to the edges: small, a power of two, huge.
+    fn size(&mut self) -> i64 {
+        match self.below(6) {
+            0 => self.below(64) as i64,
+            1 => 1 << self.below(31),
+            2 => i32::MAX as i64 - self.below(4096) as i64,
+            3 => (1i64 << self.below(62)) + self.below(8) as i64,
+            4 => MAX_BLOCK - self.below(3) as i64,
+            _ => self.next() as i32 as i64,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const MAX_BLOCK: i64 = 536_866_816;
+
+/// One to four edits: bytes, or a size field written little-endian (chunk
+/// headers) or big-endian (frame headers), most often at a header's size
+/// fields.
+fn mutate(rng: &mut Rng, seed: &[u8], data_at: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut v = seed.to_vec();
+    for _ in 0..1 + rng.below(4) {
+        let len = v.len();
+        if len < 16 {
+            v.push(rng.next() as u8);
+            continue;
+        }
+        match rng.below(8) {
+            0 => {
+                let i = rng.below(len);
+                v[i] ^= 1 << rng.below(8);
+            }
+            1 => {
+                let i = rng.below(len);
+                v[i] = rng.next() as u8;
+            }
+            2 => {
+                // Frame header: nbytes, cbytes (i64), typesize, chunksize.
+                let x = rng.size();
+                match rng.below(4) {
+                    0 if len >= 38 => v[30..38].copy_from_slice(&x.to_be_bytes()),
+                    1 if len >= 47 => v[39..47].copy_from_slice(&x.to_be_bytes()),
+                    2 if len >= 52 => v[48..52].copy_from_slice(&(x as i32).to_be_bytes()),
+                    _ if len >= 62 => v[58..62].copy_from_slice(&(x as i32).to_be_bytes()),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+            3 | 4 => {
+                // A chunk header's nbytes, blocksize or cbytes: in the first
+                // data chunk, or anywhere (the offsets chunk comes last).
+                let at = if rng.below(2) == 0 && data_at + 16 <= len {
+                    data_at + 4 * (1 + rng.below(3))
+                } else {
+                    rng.below(len - 3)
+                };
+                let x = rng.size() as i32;
+                v[at..at + 4].copy_from_slice(&x.to_le_bytes());
+            }
+            5 => v.truncate(rng.below(len)),
+            6 => {
+                let at = rng.below(len);
+                v[at] = [0x10, 0x20, 0x30, 0x40, 0x05, 0x07, 0x02][rng.below(7)];
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let i = rng.below(len - 3);
+                let x = rng.size() as i32;
+                v[i..i + 4].copy_from_slice(&x.to_be_bytes());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    v
+}
+
+/// Every fixture frame that decodes, with its decoded size.
+fn seeds() -> Vec<(Vec<u8>, usize)> {
+    let dir = std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("tests/fixtures/blosc2");
+    let mut v = Vec::new();
+    for e in std::fs::read_dir(dir).unwrap() {
+        let p = e.unwrap().path();
+        if p.extension().is_some_and(|x| x == "b2f")
+            && let Ok(out) = std::fs::read(p.with_extension("out"))
+        {
+            v.push((std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), out.len()));
+        }
+    }
+    v.sort();
+    assert!(v.len() >= 20, "fixtures missing");
+    v
+}
+
+fn header_len(frame: &[u8]) -> usize {
+    i32::from_be_bytes(frame[11..15].try_into().unwrap()) as usize
+}
+
+/// Mutated fixture frames, decoded with their HDF5 chunk size as the
+/// limit, and their first chunks on their own: whatever they declare, no
+/// decode holds more than a small multiple of the output and the input.
+#[test]
+fn fuzzed_frames_and_chunks_stay_within_the_allocation_bound() {
+    let _g = lock();
+    let seeds = seeds();
+    let mut rng = Rng(0xb2a1);
+    let mut worst = (0.0f64, String::new());
+    for i in 0..20_000 {
+        let (seed, limit) = &seeds[rng.below(seeds.len())];
+        let f = mutate(&mut rng, seed, header_len(seed));
+        let (r, peak) = peak_during(|| blosc2_decompress(&f, *limit));
+        if let Ok(out) = &r {
+            assert!(out.len() <= *limit, "iteration {i}: output past the limit");
+        }
+        assert!(
+            peak <= bound(*limit, &f),
+            "iteration {i}: peak {peak} bytes for a {limit}-byte chunk from {} bytes ({:?})",
+            f.len(),
+            r.map(|v| v.len())
+        );
+        let ratio = peak as f64 / bound(*limit, &f) as f64;
+        if ratio > worst.0 {
+            worst = (
+                ratio,
+                format!(
+                    "frame iteration {i}: peak {peak}, limit {limit}, input {}",
+                    f.len()
+                ),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    for i in 0..20_000 {
+        let (seed, _) = &seeds[rng.below(seeds.len())];
+        let at = header_len(seed);
+        let chunk = &seed[at..];
+        let c = mutate(&mut rng, chunk, 0);
+        let limit = 1 << 16;
+        let (r, peak) = peak_during(|| blosc2_decompress_chunk(&c, limit));
+        assert!(
+            peak <= bound(limit, &c),
+            "chunk iteration {i}: peak {peak} bytes from {} bytes ({:?})",
+            c.len(),
+            r.map(|v| v.len())
+        );
+    }
+    eprintln!("worst peak / bound: {:.2} ({})", worst.0, worst.1);
+}
+
+/// Frames built from random header sizes, offsets chunks and B2ND shapes
+/// (chunk and block shapes that pad, special and repeated-value chunks).
+#[test]
+fn random_frames_stay_within_the_allocation_bound() {
+    let _g = lock();
+    let mut rng = Rng(0xb2a2);
+    for i in 0..5_000 {
+        let ts = [1usize, 2, 4, 8][rng.below(4)];
+        let ndim = 1 + rng.below(8);
+        let mut shape = Vec::new();
+        let mut chunks = Vec::new();
+        let mut blocks = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..ndim {
+            let s = 1 + rng.below(if ndim > 3 { 4 } else { 40 });
+            let c = if rng.below(8) == 0 {
+                s * (1 + rng.below(4))
+            } else {
+                1 + rng.below(s)
+            };
+            let b = 1 + rng.below(c);
+            shape.push(s as i64);
+            chunks.push(c as i32);
+            blocks.push(b as i32);
+        }
+        let items: usize = shape.iter().product::<i64>() as usize;
+        let limit = items * ts;
+        let meta = nd_meta(&shape, &chunks, &blocks);
+        let ext: usize = ts
+            * chunks
+                .iter()
+                .zip(&blocks)
+                .map(|(&c, &b)| (c as usize).div_ceil(b as usize) * b as usize)
+                .product::<usize>();
+        let nchunks: usize = shape
+            .iter()
+            .zip(&chunks)
+            .map(|(&s, &c)| (s as usize).div_ceil(c as usize))
+            .product();
+        let block_bytes = ts * blocks.iter().product::<i32>() as usize;
+        let chunksize = if rng.below(4) == 0 {
+            rng.size()
+        } else {
+            ext as i64
+        };
+        let nbytes = if rng.below(4) == 0 {
+            rng.size()
+        } else {
+            (nchunks * ext) as i64
+        };
+        let off_n = if rng.below(4) == 0 {
+            rng.size() as i32
+        } else {
+            8 * nchunks as i32
+        };
+        let (data, off) = match rng.below(3) {
+            0 => (Vec::new(), special_offset(1 + rng.below(2) as u8)),
+            _ => {
+                let bs = if rng.below(4) == 0 {
+                    rng.size() as i32
+                } else {
+                    block_bytes as i32
+                };
+                let value: Vec<u8> = (0..ts).map(|_| rng.next() as u8).collect();
+                let n = if rng.below(4) == 0 {
+                    rng.size() as i32
+                } else {
+                    ext as i32
+                };
+                (repeated(&value, n, bs), 0i64.to_le_bytes())
+            }
+        };
+        let offsets = repeated(&off, off_n, off_n.clamp(1, 8));
+        let meta = (rng.below(4) != 0).then_some(meta.as_slice());
+        let f = frame(meta, nbytes, ts as i32, chunksize as i32, &data, &offsets);
+        let (r, peak) = peak_during(|| blosc2_decompress(&f, limit));
+        assert!(
+            peak <= bound(limit, &f),
+            "iteration {i}: peak {peak} bytes for a {limit}-byte chunk ({:?}, shape {shape:?} \
+             chunks {chunks:?} blocks {blocks:?})",
+            r.map(|v| v.len())
+        );
+    }
+}